The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005)

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Consonants (Pulmonic)

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosive	p b			t d		ʈ ɖ	c ɟ	k ɡ	q ɢ		ʔ
Nasal	m	ɱ		n		ɳ	ɲ	ŋ	ɴ
Trill	ʙ			r					ʀ
Tap or Flap		ⱱ		ɾ		ɽ
Fricative	ɸ β	f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ	ʂ ʐ	ç ʝ	x ɣ	χ ʁ	ħ ʕ	h ɦ
Lateral fricative				ɬ ɮ
Approximant		ʋ		ɹ		ɻ	j	ɰ
Lateral approximant				l		ɭ	ʎ	ʟ

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)

Clicks		Voiced implosives		Ejectives
ʘ	Bilabial	ɓ	Bilabial	ʼ	Examples:
ǀ	Dental	ɗ	Dental/alveolar	pʼ	Bilabal
ǃ	(Post)alveolar	ʄ	Palatal	tʼ	Dental/alveolar
ǂ	Palatoalveolar	ɠ	Velar	kʼ	Velar
ǁ	Alveolar lateral	ʛ	Uvular	sʼ	Alveolar fricative

Vowels

Front Central Back Close Close-mid Open-mid Open

i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u

ɪ ʏ ʊ

e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o

ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ

æ ɐ

a ɶ ɑ ɒ

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

Other Symbols

ʍ	Voiceless labial-velar fricative	ɕ	ʑ	Alveolo-palatal fricatives
w	Voiced labial-velar approximant	ɺ		Alveolar lateral flap
ɥ	Voiced labial-palatal approximant	ɧ		Simultaneous ʃ and x
ʜ	Voiceless epiglottal fricative	k͡p t͜s ◌͡◌ ◌͜◌ Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.
ʢ	Voiced epiglottal fricative
ʡ	Epiglottal plosive

Suprasegmentals

ˈ	Primary stress
ˌ	Secondary stress
ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
ː	Long	eː
ˑ	Half-long	eˑ
◌̆	Extra short	ĕ
\|	Minor (foot) group
‖	Major (intonation) group
.	Syllable break	ɹi.ækt
‿	Linking (absence of a break)

Diacritics

Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊

◌̥	Voiceless	n̥	d̥	◌̤	Breathy voiced	b̤	a̤	◌̪	Dental	t̪	d̪
◌̬	Voiced	s̬	t̬	◌̰	Creaky voiced	b̰	a̰	◌̺	Apical	t̺	d̺
ʰ	Aspirated	tʰ	dʰ	◌̼	Linguolabial	t̼	d̼	◌̻	Laminal	t̻	d̻
◌̹	More rounded	ɔ̹		ʷ	Labalized	tʷ	dʷ	◌̃	Nasalized		ẽ
◌̜	Less rounded	ɔ̜		ʲ	Palatalized	tʲ	dʲ	ⁿ	Nasal release		dⁿ
◌̟	Advanced	u̟		ˠ	Velarized	tˠ	dˠ	ˡ	Lateral release		dˡ
◌̠	Retracted	e̠		ˤ	Pharyngealized	tˤ	dˤ	◌̚	No audible release		d̚
◌̈	Centralized	ë		◌̴	Velarized or pharyngealized		ɫ
◌̽	Mid-centralized	e̽		◌̝	Raised	e̝	(ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative)
◌̩	Syllabic	n̩		◌̞	Lowered	e̞	(β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant)
◌̯	Non-syllabic	e̯		◌̘	Advanced Tongue Root		e̘
˞	Rhoticity	ɚ	a˞	◌̙	Retracted Tongue Root		e̙

Tones and Word Accents

Level				Contour
e̋	or	˥	Extra high	ě	or	˩˥	Rising
é		˦	High	ê		˥˩	Falling
ē		˧	Mid	e᷄		˦˥	High rising
è		˨	Low	e᷅		˩˨	Low rising
ȅ		˩	Extra low	e᷈		˧˦˧	Rising-falling
↓	Downstep			↗	Global rise
↑	Upstep			↘	Global fall